Commercial battery storage in Maryland: costs and incentives

A commercial battery pays off when it does one job well, and the incentive calendar decides how much comes back. The public benchmark is old: a 2022 model of a 300-kilowatt (kW), 1,200-kilowatt-hour (kWh) system came to $672 per kWh in 2021 dollars.^1,2 Maryland’s fiscal year 2027 rebate pays up to $150,000, and a federal tax credit may also apply.^3,4

If your business, nonprofit or institution is weighing commercial solar battery storage, whether standalone or beside an array, the prices below come from dated third-party documents. Public programs are described from the agencies’ own pages, as of October 25, 2026. One unit note first: kilowatts measure how fast a battery can deliver power, and kilowatt-hours measure how much energy it holds.

What does a commercial battery cost, and why are the public numbers old?

Public price data for commercial storage is thin. The most useful installed benchmark is a 2022 model of a 300 kW, 1,200 kWh system, which works out to $672 per kWh.^1,2 A real Maryland quote will differ, because duration, site work and equipment choices all move the total.

Read the two NLR numbers differently. The $672 figure is the sales price a developer would have charged in the first quarter of 2022.¹ The $610 figure is a theoretical long-run floor that NLR says shouldn’t be used for near-term market analysis.¹ Both use national average costs and leave out financing, and NLR says the results would run about 5 percent higher in 2022 dollars.¹

Prices have moved since. NLR’s 2025 ATB expects battery storage costs to keep falling in all three of its scenarios.⁷ A 2022 benchmark and a 2026 quote could land on either side of each other once the site is known.

The easy error is comparing a pack price to an installed price. The $199 and $215 figures are the battery pack alone.⁵ NLR writes that the pack is “a significant cost portion” but “not the majority” of system cost. The rest includes the container, thermal management, fire suppression, electrical equipment, permits and interconnection fees.^5,1 Compare the equipment, included work, date and dollar year before judging a quote against an older benchmark.¹

Duration moves the price a lot. NLR says “the cost per kilowatt hour is lowered dramatically with additional duration,” which is why estimating the duration you need is “critical to determining the total system cost.”⁵ Running costs belong in the picture too. The ATB assumes yearly fixed operating costs of 4 percent of capital cost, set to offset degradation over a 15-year life, plus an 85 percent round-trip efficiency.⁷ Treat them as modeling assumptions, and get warranty terms from the manufacturer’s documents.

NLR also warns that “available cost data and projections for distributed battery storage are very limited.”⁵ LBNL counts storage on 11 percent of new nonresidential solar installs in 2025, against 37 percent on the residential side, and neither count includes standalone storage.⁶

We haven’t modeled a years-to-recover figure, because there’s no current, sourced Maryland installed price to build one on. The last section lists what to get in writing instead.

Peak shaving or backup? Pick the job first

One battery can cut the monthly demand peak, hold power through an outage, or move solar energy into later hours. It rarely does all three at full strength. Peak shaving needs kilowatts at the right minutes. Backup needs hours of energy and equipment wired to a defined set of loads.

NLR describes the sizing split this way: a customer with a high, short peak may want a high-power battery, while one with flatter loads and lower peaks of longer duration may prefer a high-energy battery that discharges longer.¹²

How does the tariff decide?

A demand charge bills the highest short-interval draw in a month. NLR’s 2017 survey of more than 10,000 U.S. commercial tariffs says demand charges typically range from 30 to 70 percent of the electric bill for the customers it covers, and it cites a trade-press analysis that treats $15 per kW as a notable threshold for battery economics.⁸ The survey is national and nine years old. Maryland tariffs differ, and some accounts carry no demand charge at all. Start with your own tariff schedule and 12 months of interval data. Our guide on solar demand charges and batteries shows how demand charges appear on Pepco and BGE business tariffs.

The averaging interval matters too. In a 2017 simulation of 15 building types, solar with storage cut billing demand more under shorter averaging intervals, because long intervals smooth the short peaks a battery would clip.⁹

Is backup a separate design?

Solar systems shut down when the grid goes down, for safety reasons, unless they are designed for backup. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) puts it this way: solar systems are “designed to switch off if the grid power cuts out,” and to produce power on their own, panels need “a properly configured inverter and a storage system.”¹⁰ DOE writes about homes, so a commercial designer has to show how your building’s inverters and battery will run separated from the grid. A battery wired only to cut peaks may not power a single circuit in an outage.

Baltimore Gas and Electric (BGE) shows how one utility sorts these cases. Its storage form asks the owner to pick the intended operation: offset load with no export, net metering with export, wholesale market participation, or backup. The form’s note says backup units that don’t operate in parallel with the grid for more than 100 milliseconds do not need an interconnection agreement.¹¹ Ask your utility to confirm that for your design.

One more limit: a battery can’t spend the same kWh twice. Energy held back for outages isn’t available for peak shaving, so the design has to say how it splits the two.

A worked example

Picture a small grocery with a 100 kW, 200 kWh battery. The numbers below are assumed for illustration, and they show why “backup” can mean very different things.

If you already own solar, adding storage is a retrofit, and the existing inverter decides how simple it is. Soleil Energy’s battery storage page describes adding storage to systems already on the roof, including ones another company installed.¹⁴

Which incentives apply to a Maryland commercial battery?

Five things matter: the federal investment credit in section 48E of the tax code, federal depreciation, the Maryland Energy Administration (MEA) storage rebate, a competitive MEA buildings grant, and utility programs still taking shape. Maryland’s older storage income tax credit is gone. The table shows where each stood on October 25, 2026.

These items work in different ways. The credit and depreciation are tax items. The RCES rebate and the buildings grant are state money with deadlines and rules. In the BGE program the utility owns the batteries, and the PSC order describes host organizations willing to host them “for compensation,” which is a host arrangement with the utility and not a rebate an owner files for.²³

Sales-tax and property-tax treatment of batteries is a question for the Comptroller of Maryland or your tax professional. For grants and property-tax financing aimed at commercial solar (Commercial Property Assessed Clean Energy, or C-PACE), see Maryland commercial solar grants and C-PACE.

How does the federal credit work for a commercial battery?

The section 48E credit applies to commercial storage of at least 5 kWh.¹⁵ The base rate is 6 percent.⁴ A 30 percent rate applies when the capacity is under one megawatt or the project meets the wage and apprenticeship rules.⁴ Sourcing rules and the construction-start year can still disqualify a project.

The statute also names an earlier-construction route to the higher rate, and adds extra percentage points for energy-community sites and domestic content.⁴ Whether a given site or supply chain earns those is a separate check.

The December 31, 2027 deadline you may have seen belongs to wind and solar. The statute says the termination rule “shall not apply with respect to any energy storage technology which is placed in service at any applicable facility.”⁴ So a page that ties a battery’s credit to the solar deadline is describing a different part of the law. The solar side has its own timeline in the commercial solar tax credit deadline.

“Placed in service” is a tax term, not the delivery date. Treasury’s long-standing investment credit regulation says property is placed in service in the earlier of two taxable years, one of them the year it is “placed in a condition or state of readiness and availability for a specifically assigned function.”²⁵ For a grid-connected battery, a tax professional will want the commissioning and utility permission-to-operate dates in the file, and will confirm how the regulation applies to a section 48E facility.

The foreign-sourcing test

Sourcing is the storage-specific hurdle. Storage doesn’t qualify if its construction begins after December 31, 2025 and it includes “material assistance from a prohibited foreign entity.”⁴ The statute measures this with a ratio: the direct cost of manufactured products and components that did not come from a prohibited foreign entity, divided by the direct cost of all of them. The ratio has to meet a threshold set by the year construction begins.¹⁶

1. 1202655 percent
2. 2202760 percent
3. 3202865 percent
4. 4202970 percent
5. 5After 202975 percent

The thresholds sit in 26 U.S.C. 7701(a)(52)(B)(ii).¹⁶ Treasury and the IRS issued Notice 2026-15 on February 12, 2026. It gives interim safe harbors and says Treasury intends to propose regulations on the definition of a prohibited foreign entity and the ratio calculation.¹⁷ The statute says that until Treasury issues its safe-harbor tables, and for construction that begins on or before 60 days after they are issued, a taxpayer may rely on a supplier’s certification. A taxpayer who knows or has reason to know that a product came from a prohibited foreign entity must treat all of that product’s direct costs as foreign-sourced, and a certification known to be inaccurate can’t be relied on.¹⁶ A separate bar sits at the taxpayer level: no credit is allowed for a year in which the taxpayer is a specified foreign entity or a foreign-influenced entity.⁴ Check IRS.gov for later guidance before you rely on the notice.

In practice: a proposal should name the year construction is expected to begin and carry supplier certifications for the major components. If it calls a named product “compliant,” ask for the records behind the word.

Tax-exempt and governmental owners may be able to use elective pay, which the IRS says makes certain clean energy credits effectively refundable. The entity has to register with the IRS before filing.²⁶ Elective pay carries its own domestic-content requirement under section 48E(d)(5), and other restrictions apply.⁴ Whether a particular nonprofit’s storage project qualifies is a question for its tax adviser.

How does Maryland’s storage rebate work, step by step?

Maryland’s fiscal year 2027 RCES rebate pays 30 percent of total project cost, capped at $150,000 for a business or nonprofit property.³ “Total project cost” means purchase, installation and interconnection. The final payment can be less than the reserved amount but never more.³ MEA anticipates up to $4 million, per its September 24, 2026 announcement.^20,3

MEA’s budget table, last updated October 19, 2026, showed 20.90 percent of the $4,000,000 requested and 4.15 percent reserved.²⁰ The table’s heading reads FY26, though it sits beside the FY27 documents and the $4,000,000 FY27 budget, so confirm with MEA which year it tracks.²⁰ Funds can run out before the May 31, 2027 close, so check the table before you plan around that date.

Every step has a clock, and missing one can cost you the rebate.

1. 1Sign the contractContract dated no earlier than 90 days before you submit Step 1
2. 2Submit Step 1 in the MyMEA portalPortal closes May 31, 2027, 3:00 p.m. Eastern, or earlier if funds run out
3. 3Wait for "Step 1 Approved"Reservation expires 180 calendar days after the notice
4. 4Install and get permission to operateInside the 180 days
5. 5Submit Step 2, the payment requestExtension possible if you ask 30 days ahead for circumstances outside your control, never past May 1, 2028

Each clock starts at its own trigger. They are not added together.

The rebate formula is simple: the lesser of 30 percent of cost or $150,000.³ A quick illustration shows where the cap bites.

Who files, and what counts

You can file yourself, or your prime contractor can file with your permission. A third option lets the prime contractor receive the rebate and pass it to you as a discount on the project price.²⁹ You may authorize only the prime contractor, not another firm, to apply for you or to receive payment.²⁹ Whichever route you pick, settle two things in the contract: who tracks the 180-day clock, and what happens to the deal if MEA denies the reservation.

The announcement carries a few more conditions worth knowing before you sign. Maryland may issue a 1099-G for the rebate, and the rebate may be taxable; MEA gives no tax advice, so how it interacts with the federal credit is a question for your tax professional.³¹ A purchased system must be paid in full before MEA approves payment, and a financed one needs a fully executed financing agreement.³¹ The recipient must give MEA site access for at least three years after payment, and MEA may rescind a rebate that conflicts with the program terms.³¹ MEA also checks that at least 80 percent of worksite workers live in Maryland or within 50 miles of its borders.³¹

Tenants need a closer look. An eligible applicant includes an owner or an entity that owns or pays for the system, and the announcement requires property ownership documentation. A tenant should ask MEA how both rules apply before signing anything.^30,27

What permits and fire review does a battery need?

A commercial battery needs three kinds of sign-off: a utility interconnection review, building and electrical permits, and fire-code review. Each comes from a different office and runs on its own clock, so start all three early, before the design is final.

The utility. BGE asks for an Energy Storage Supplemental Form alongside its standard Maryland interconnection application. The form asks whether the system is standalone or paired with a renewable system, and whether it adds to an existing one. It wants the manufacturer, model, kW rating (alternating current) and kWh capacity, plus a one-line electrical diagram. It also asks whether a lockable, visible alternating current (AC) disconnect sits between the meter and the generation source.¹¹ Other Maryland utilities run their own processes, so get the storage forms from the utility that serves your meter before the design is final. The wider commercial process is covered in commercial solar interconnection.

The fire code. Maryland’s State Fire Prevention Code, revised June 23, 2025, incorporates the National Fire Protection Association’s (NFPA) NFPA 1 Fire Code (2024 edition) and NFPA 101 Life Safety Code (2024 edition), with amendments.³² A 2026 fiscal note from the Maryland Department of Legislative Services states that NFPA 101 (2024 edition) requires energy storage systems to follow NFPA 855, the standard for installing stationary storage and the fire and explosion protection around it.³² The State Fire Marshal or a legally designated county or municipal fire official enforces the code. It does not apply in Baltimore City except to buildings and conditions named in the Public Safety Article, so a Baltimore City site needs its own answer from the city.³² The fire official for your site can tell you which edition and amendments apply.

The product listing. UL Standards & Engagement publishes UL 9540, a safety standard for energy storage systems and equipment. It covers residential and non-residential installations, and it expects installation under the National Electrical Code, the International Fire Code, NFPA 1 and NFPA 855.³³ A listing is one input to the review, not the whole of it. The fire code official for your site still decides what the code requires there.

Building and electrical permits. Your county or city permit office sets these requirements, so ask it which drawings and licenses it wants before the design is final. If the battery calls for a larger electrical service, new switchgear or a transformer, that work belongs on its own line in the price.

When is a battery the wrong tool?

A battery fits poorly when the tariff gives it little to save, when the building holds near its peak for hours, or when the owner expects days of backup. Most of these are visible before you request a single proposal.

An account with a low demand charge, or none, leaves peak shaving with little to save. NLR called high demand charges a predictor of battery viability.⁸ A building that runs near its peak for hours is another poor fit, because longer averaging intervals smooth short peaks and a battery needs far more kWh for each kW it cuts.⁹

Backup is the usual surprise. A battery sized to shave a peak can carry a small set of loads for hours, or a whole building for under three hours in the example above. Multi-day backup is a different design.

Then there are the process traps. A system installed before MEA approves the reservation is ineligible for the rebate, and the portal can close early.^28,20 A lease longer than 25 years, or missing ownership paperwork, can sink an application that looks eligible on paper.^30,27 Storage that fails the sourcing ratio doesn’t qualify for the federal credit.¹⁶ And two programs people ask about, virtual power plant pilots and the BGE host program, aren’t rebates an owner can claim today.^23,24

Virginia and Washington, DC incentives, other utilities’ tariffs and years-to-recover math are outside this guide, which covers Maryland only.

What should a storage proposal put in writing?

A usable proposal puts ratings, loads, price items and the incentive calendar on paper. Without those you can’t compare two quotes, and you can’t tell when the rebate reservation has to happen. Before you sign, ask for each of these in writing:

1. The tariff schedule and 12 months of interval data the design used.
2. The goal in plain words: peak shaving, backup, solar self-use, or a stated split.
3. The kW rating, kWh capacity and duration, with usable versus nominal energy and AC versus direct current (DC) stated.
4. For backup, the loads on the backed-up panel, shown on a one-line diagram, or a statement that there are none.
5. An itemized price: equipment, installation, electrical upgrades, permits, interconnection, fire-review items and commissioning. Any solar goes on its own line.
6. Documents showing certification by a nationally recognized testing laboratory, which the rebate application requires,²⁷ plus the UL 9540 documentation.³³
7. The incentive calendar: reservation before installation, contract date within 90 days before Step 1, and the 180-day clock.²⁷
8. The federal credit assumptions in writing: expected construction-start year, rate route and supplier certifications, signed off by a tax professional.¹⁶
9. The interconnection steps, who files them, and the expected date of permission to operate.
10. Operating assumptions: degradation, expected replacement, round-trip efficiency, monitoring, and the manufacturer’s warranty documents.
11. What happens if funds run out or a reservation is denied.

Decide the job first, then the incentive path, then the price. A battery bought for peak shaving on a tariff with no demand charge is the costly version of this project, and a rebate lost to a signing date is the one that can’t be fixed later.

To scope a commercial storage project, request a proposal or call (301) 953-4140. Soleil Energy’s commercial request form lists battery storage as a project type, and its utility-scale solar page describes engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) of solar, with the interconnection behind it.¹⁴

Solar savings and incentive eligibility depend on your roof, your usage, your utility, and your tax situation. Incentive programs change and some have limited funding. We are not tax advisors — we will review your bill with you and tell you what you may qualify for. Confirm any tax credit with a qualified tax professional.

Program rules decide who qualifies. Ask any installer whether it is on the program’s contractor list.

Sources (33)

1. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (now the National Laboratory of the Rockies), U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System and Energy Storage Cost Benchmarks, With Minimum Sustainable Price Analysis: Q1 2022, NREL/TP-7A40-83586, published September 2022, section 9, https://docs.nlr.gov/docs/fy22osti/83586.pdf, read October 24, 2026. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹ ↩¹⁰

2. Illustrative calculation, run October 2026, with the inputs sourced at ¹. ↩ ↩² ↩³

3. MEA, FY27 Residential and Commercial Energy Storage Program Funding Opportunity Announcement, issued September 24, 2026, sections 1, 4, 6 and 7, https://energy.maryland.gov/SiteAssets/Pages/EnergyStorage/FY27%20RCES%20Funding%20Opportunity%20Announcement%20-%20Issued%209.24.pdf, read October 25, 2026. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹ ↩¹⁰ ↩¹¹ ↩¹²

4. Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute, 26 U.S.C. 48E, current text (undated republication; the statute was amended by Public Law 119-21, enacted July 4, 2025), https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/48E, read October 25, 2026. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹

5. National Laboratory of the Rockies, Annual Technology Baseline 2024, Commercial Battery Storage, 2024 edition (undated web page, marked as an older version), https://atb.nlr.gov/electricity/2024/commercial_battery_storage, current page read October 24, 2026. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵

6. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, U.S. Distributed Solar and Storage: 2026 Data Update, published August 2026, slides 5 and 9, https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2026-08/distributed_solar_storage-2026_data_update_final.pdf, read October 24, 2026. ↩ ↩² ↩³

7. National Laboratory of the Rockies, Annual Technology Baseline 2025, Commercial Battery Storage, 2025 edition (undated web page, the current edition), https://atb.nlr.gov/electricity/2025/commercial_battery_storage, current page read October 24, 2026. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

8. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (now the National Laboratory of the Rockies), Identifying Potential Markets for Behind-the-Meter Battery Energy Storage: A Survey of U.S. Demand Charges, NREL/BR-6A20-68963, published August 2017, https://docs.nlr.gov/docs/fy17osti/68963.pdf, read October 24, 2026. ↩ ↩² ↩³

9. Gagnon, Govindarajan, Bird, Barbose, Darghouth and Mills, Solar + Storage Synergies for Managing Commercial-Customer Demand Charges, NREL/TP-6A20-70360 (NREL is now the National Laboratory of the Rockies), published October 2017, https://docs.nlr.gov/docs/fy18osti/70360.pdf, read October 24, 2026. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

10. U.S. Department of Energy, Solar and Resilience Basics (undated web page), https://www.energy.gov/cmei/systems/solar-and-resilience-basics, current page read October 24, 2026. ↩ ↩²

11. Baltimore Gas and Electric Company, Energy Storage Supplemental Form (Maryland), undated form, https://azure-na-assets.contentstack.com/v3/assets/blt71bfe6e8a1c2d265/blt5c3499b2acdbe8af/64e7259ade74f0000d04f631/BGEMDEnergyStorageForm.pdf, current file read October 25, 2026. ↩ ↩² ↩³

12. Same document as ¹, section 9, published September 2022, read October 24, 2026. ↩

13. Illustrative calculation, run October 2026, with the inputs assumed in the block and sourced at ⁷ and ³. The 80 kW runtime is 180 kWh divided by 80 kW, or 2.25 hours unrounded. ↩ ↩² ↩³

14. Soleil Energy, battery storage page and utility-scale solar page (undated current pages), read October 25, 2026. ↩ ↩²

15. Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute, 26 U.S.C. 48(c)(6), current text (undated republication), https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/48, read October 25, 2026. ↩ ↩²

16. Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute, 26 U.S.C. 7701(a)(52), current text (undated republication), https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/7701, read October 25, 2026. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹ ↩¹⁰ ↩¹¹

17. Internal Revenue Service, Notice 2026-15, issued February 12, 2026, https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-drop/n-26-15.pdf, and news release IR-2026-23, February 12, 2026, https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/treasury-irs-provide-guidance-for-certain-energy-tax-credits-regarding-material-assistance-provided-by-prohibited-foreign-entities-under-the-one-big-beautiful-bill, read October 25, 2026. ↩ ↩²

18. Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute, 26 U.S.C. 168(e)(3)(B)(viii) (5-year property), current text (undated republication; amended by Public Law 119-21), https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/168, read October 25, 2026. ↩

19. Internal Revenue Service, Instructions for Form 4562 (2025) (web page for the 2025 form year, last reviewed April 30, 2026; What’s New and the five-year property list), https://www.irs.gov/instructions/i4562, current page read October 25, 2026. ↩

20. Maryland Energy Administration (MEA), Residential and Commercial Energy Storage Program, program page (budget table last updated October 19, 2026), https://energy.maryland.gov/Pages/Energy-Storage-Grant-Program.aspx, read October 25, 2026. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

21. MEA, FY27 Commercial & Community Buildings Grant Program, program page, https://energy.maryland.gov/Pages/Commercial&CommunityBuildingsGrantProgram.aspx, and funding opportunity announcement issued September 9, 2026, sections 3, 4, 9, 10 and 14, https://energy.maryland.gov/SiteAssets/Pages/Commercial%26CommunityBuildingsGrantProgram/FY27%20CCB%20Grant%20Program_MEA_FOA_Final%20092826%20v3.pdf, read October 25, 2026. ↩

22. MEA, Maryland Energy Storage Income Tax Credit, program page (undated; Tax Year 2024 funding table last updated November 22, 2024), https://energy.maryland.gov/business/Pages/EnergyStorage.aspx, current page read October 25, 2026. ↩

23. Maryland Public Service Commission, Order No. 92281, Case No. 9715, issued April 8, 2026, https://psc.maryland.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/ORDER_1.pdf, sections II.A and IV.H, read October 25, 2026. ↩ ↩² ↩³

24. MEA, Attachment C: Information about Virtual Power Plant (VPP) pilots under development in Maryland, listed on the program page as issued September 24, 2026, https://energy.maryland.gov/SiteAssets/Pages/EnergyStorage/Attachment%20C_%20Information%20about%20Virtual%20Power%20Plant%20%28VPP%29%20pilots%20under%20development%20in%20Maryland_accessible%20%20-%20Issued%209.23.pdf, read October 25, 2026. ↩ ↩²

25. Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute, 26 CFR 1.46-3(d), Treasury regulation on when property is placed in service for the investment credit (undated republication), https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/26/1.46-3, read October 25, 2026. ↩

26. Internal Revenue Service, Elective pay and transferability, page last reviewed or updated June 27, 2026, https://www.irs.gov/credits-deductions/elective-pay-and-transferability, read October 25, 2026. ↩

27. Same document as ³ (issued September 24, 2026), sections 11 and 12, read October 25, 2026. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹ ↩¹⁰

28. Same document as ³ (issued September 24, 2026), sections 9.1, 10.2 and 11.5, read October 25, 2026. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹

29. Same document as ³ (issued September 24, 2026), sections 4.6, 11.11 and 18.2, read October 25, 2026. ↩ ↩²

30. Same document as ³ (issued September 24, 2026), sections 4.5, 10.2.6, 11.3 and 11.10, read October 25, 2026. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

31. Same document as ³ (issued September 24, 2026), sections 11.9, 11.12, 17.2, 19.1 and 19.9, read October 25, 2026. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

32. Maryland State Fire Prevention Commission, State of Maryland Fire Prevention Code (COMAR 29.06.01), revised June 23, 2025, errata July 15, 2025, https://firemarshal.maryland.gov/media/44, regulation .02; Maryland Department of Legislative Services, fiscal and policy note for House Bill 1459 (2026 session), first reader, March 11, 2026, https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2026RS/fnotes/bil_0009/hb1459.pdf, read October 25, 2026. ↩ ↩² ↩³

33. UL Standards & Engagement, UL 9540, Energy Storage Systems and Equipment, Edition 3, published June 28, 2023 (last revision March 7, 2025), scope sections 1.1 to 1.4, https://www.shopulstandards.com/ProductDetail.aspx?productId=UL9540, read October 25, 2026. ↩ ↩²